Maritime Shipping: Ocean Freight for International Trade

Maritime shipping transports the vast majority of international trade by volume, with container vessels, bulk carriers, and tankers moving goods across oceans at costs per ton-mile far below any alternative mode. While slower than air freight, ocean shipping provides the only economically viable option for high-volume, lower-value goods requiring intercontinental transport, making it fundamental to global commerce.

Ocean Freight Operations

Container shipping operates through carrier alliances and scheduled service strings connecting major ports on regular timetables. Full container loads provide direct port-to-port service, while less-than-container loads consolidate multiple shipper's cargo through freight forwarders. Voyage typically span 2-4 weeks across major trade lanes, with additional time for inland transportation and port operations. Port congestion, weather delays, and equipment availability impact schedules, requiring buffer time in supply planning. Rates fluctuate based on demand, capacity, and fuel costs, with contract rates providing stability for steady-volume shippers while spot rates capture current market conditions.